Regulating Artificial Intelligence in Indonesia: Legal Challenges, Ethical Governance, and Policy Harmonization
Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Legal Regulation, Ethical Governance, Policy HarmonizationAbstract
The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed various sectors in Indonesia, including public services, finance, education, healthcare, and digital commerce. While AI offers significant opportunities for economic growth and technological innovation, its implementation also raises complex legal and ethical challenges related to data protection, algorithmic bias, accountability, transparency, cybersecurity, and human rights. This article examines the regulatory framework governing artificial intelligence in Indonesia and analyzes the extent to which existing laws are capable of addressing emerging technological risks. Using a normative juridical approach combined with a conceptual analysis of ethical governance, the study explores the relationship between national regulations, international AI governance principles, and policy harmonization efforts. The findings demonstrate that Indonesia’s current legal framework remains fragmented and sectoral, creating regulatory gaps in the supervision and accountability of AI-based systems. Moreover, ethical governance mechanisms have not been comprehensively institutionalized within public policy and regulatory enforcement. The study argues that effective AI regulation in Indonesia requires an integrated legal framework that balances innovation, legal certainty, public protection, and ethical responsibility. Policy harmonization between national legislation, digital governance institutions, and international standards is essential to ensure responsible, transparent, and human-centered AI development in Indonesia’s evolving digital ecosystem.
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